By Natalie Angier (The New York Times)
There are some animals that are, by our standards, ugly.
Now, a few researchers are attempting to understand why we find certain animals unsightly even when they don’t threaten us with venom or compete for our food.
Among the all-star uglies are the star-nosed mole, whose face, said Nancy Kanwisher, a neuroscientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “is disturbing because it looks like the animal has no face.” The blobfish, by contrast, is practically all face – a pale, gelatinous deep-sea creature whose large-lipped, sad expression seems to be melting.
“It looks like if you handled it,” said Geoffrey Miller, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of New Mexico, “at the very least you’d get some kind of rash.”
As scientists see it, a comparative consideration of what we find freakish or unsettling in other species offers a fresh perspective on how we extract large amounts of visual information from a glance, and then anthropomorphize that assessment into a revealing saga of ourselves.
“No one would find the star-nosed mole ugly if its star were iridescent blue,” said Denis Dutton, professor of the philosophy of art at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand. “But the resemblance of the pinkish nose to human flesh subverts our expectations and becomes a perverse violation of whatever values we have about what constitutes normal or healthy human skin.”
We have the male proboscis monkey and the male elephant seal, with their pendulous, vaguely salacious noses, and the woolly bat and the vampire bat, their squashed snub noses accentuating their razor-toothed gapes. The warthog’s trapezoidal skull is straight out of Picasso’s “Guernica,” while in the warthog’s kin, the babirusa, one of its two pairs of curving tusks will grow up and around and pierce its skull.
And of our own creation are the purebred cats and dogs that are stump-limbed, hairless and wrinkled, with buggy eyes and concave snouts, and ears as big as a jackrabbit’s. We love them, not in spite of their ugliness, but because of it.
Conservation researchers argue that only by being aware of our aesthetic prejudices can we set them aside when deciding which species cry out to be studied and saved. Reporting recently in the journal Conservation Biology, Morgan J. Trimble, a research fellow at the University of Pretoria in South Africa, and her colleagues uncovered evidence that scientists, like the rest of us, may be biased toward the beautiful.
Assessing the publication database of scientific literature for the years 1994 through 2008, the researchers found 1,855 papers about chimpanzees, 1,241 on leopards and 562 about lions – but only 14 for the African manatee.
Speculating on a possible reason for the disparity, Ms. Trimble said, “Most scientists are in it for the love of what they do, and a lot of them are interested in big, furry cute things.”
Or little cute things. Humans and other mammals seem to have an innate attraction to infant cues like large, wide-set eyes, a button nose and a mouth set low in the face, and the universality of these cues explains why mother dogs have been known to nurse kittens, lionesses to take care of antelope kids.
On a first pass, then, “ugliness would be the deviation from these qualities,” said David Perrett, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. A baby grows into a healthy, fertile youth, which in humans is visually characterized by clarity of shape and sleekness of form, said Wendy Steiner of the University of Pennsylvania. “An animal with saggy skin, whiskers and no neck will look like some old guy who’s lost it,” she joked.
The more readily we can analogize between a particular animal body part and our own, the more likely we are to cry ugly. “We may not find an elephant’s trunk ugly because it’s so remote,” Dr. Dutton said. “But the proboscis on a proboscis monkey is close enough to our own that we apply human standards to it.”
People are also keenly, even obsessively vigilant for signs of ill health in others. “That means anything that looks seriously asymmetrical when it should be symmetrical, that looks rough and irregular when it should be smooth, that looks like there might be parasites on the skin or worms under the skin, jaundice or pallor,” Dr. Miller said.
We distinguish between the signs of an acquired illness and those of an innate abnormality. Splotches, bumps and greasy verdigris skin mean “possibly infectious illness,” while asymmetry and exaggerated, stunted or incomplete features hint of a congenital problem.
“Deformities provide a lot of information about what can go wrong, and by contrast what good function is,” Dr. Miller said. “This is not just about physical deformities. People who seem crazy are also highly attention-grabbing.”
On the other hand, a taste for the difficult, the unconventional, the ugly has often been seen as a mark of sophistication, a passport into the rarefied world of the artistic vanguard.
“Beauty,” Dr. Steiner said, “can be present by its violation.”
The New York Times
unsightly
KK [ʌnˋsaɪtlɪ], DJ [ʌnˋsaitli]
不悅目的, 難看的
venom
KK [ˋvɛnəm], DJ [ˋvenəm]
1. (蛇、蜘蛛等的)毒液
mole1
KK [mol], DJ [məul]
1. 鼴鼠, 錢鼠
星鼻鼴 (Star-nosed Mole)
neuro- 表示”神經”; “神經系統”
neuroscience【醫】神經科學
Massachusetts
KK [͵mæsəˋtʃusɪts], DJ [͵mæsəˋtʃu:sits]
美國麻薩諸塞州
blob
KK [blɑb], DJ [blɔb]
1. 一滴; 一團; 一點; 一抹
水滴魚 (Blobfish)
gelatinous
KK [dʒəˋlætənəs], DJ [dʒiˋlætinəs]
凝膠狀的
發展心理學 (developmental psychology)
演化心理學 (evolutionary psychology)
freakish
KK [ˋfrikɪʃ], DJ [ˋfri:kiʃ]
奇特的; 怪異的
unsettling
KK [ʌnˋsɛt!ɪŋ], DJ [ˋʌnˋsetliŋ]
擾亂的; 使人不安的
anthropomorphize
KK [͵ænθrəpəˋmɔrfaɪz], DJ [͵ænθrəpəˋmɔ:faiz]
擬人化
anthropomorphism
KK [͵ænθrəpəˋmɔrfɪzəm], DJ [͵ænθrəpəˋmɔ:fizəm]
擬人化
擬人化 (anthropomorphism) 人們常因為不瞭解動物的行為表現或肢體語言,而將動物的表現加以擬人化的詮釋,這樣擬人化的解釋雖然不見得適當,但卻因此展開了雙向的溝通,進而形成連結的關係。將生物與非生物模擬成人類的行動、信念、感受,所展現出的行為越多,我們就越易於將它擬人化。動物權利提倡者將人的思考模式帶入動物世界,以擬人的觀點將人與動物之間的差異縮小,若人能視動物為地位平等的物種,那麼人對於屠殺動物以及非人道的動物實驗會有不一樣的觀點。
saga
KK [ˋsɑgə], DJ [ˋsɑ:gə]
1. 傳說; 英雄事蹟
iridescent
KK [ɪrɪˋdɛsənt], DJ [ˋiriˋdesnt]
1. 彩虹色的; 【氣】虹彩的
iridescence
KK [ɪrəˋdɛsns], DJ [͵iriˋdesns]
1. 彩虹色; 【氣】虹彩
Aesthetics 美學
Philosophy of Art 藝術哲學
subvert
KK [səbˋvɝt], DJ [sʌbˋvə:t]
推翻; 破壞
perverse
KK [pɚˋvɝs], DJ [pəˋvə:s]
故意作對的, 違反常情的
proboscis
KK [prəˋbɑsɪs], DJ [prəˋbɔsis]
1. 象鼻
長鼻猴 (Proboscis Monkey)
象鼻海豹 (elephant seal) 又叫海象
pendulous
KK [ˋpɛndʒələs], DJ [ˋpendjuləs]
1. 下垂的
vaguely
KK [ˋveglɪ], DJ [ˋveigli]
1. 不清晰地; 含糊地; 模糊地
salacious
KK [səˋleʃəs], DJ [səˋleiʃəs]
好色的; 猥褻的
彩蝠 (woolly bat)
吸血蝙蝠 (vampire bat)
snub-nosed
KK [ˋsnʌbˋnozd], DJ [ˋsnʌbnəuzd]
鼻子扁平的, 鼻子塌的
squashed
KK [skwɑʃt], DJ [skwɔʃt]
壓碎的; 壓扁的
squash1
KK [skwɑʃ], DJ [skwɔʃ]
1. 把…壓扁(壓碎); 擠壓
snub
KK [snʌb], DJ [snʌb]
掐滅(香煙等)[(+out)]
accentuate
KK [ækˋsɛntʃu͵et], DJ [ækˋsentʃueit]
1. 以重音讀出; 加重音符號於
2. 強調; 使更突出
razor-sharp
KK [ˋrezɚʃɑrp], DJ [ˋreizəʃɑ:p]
1. (剃刀般)鋒利的, 銳利的
razor-sharp
KK [ˋrezɚʃɑrp], DJ [ˋreizəʃɑ:p]
1. (剃刀般)鋒利的, 銳利的
razor-toothed gapes 齜牙咧嘴
gape
KK [gep], DJ [geip]
裂縫; 豁口
trapezoid
KK [ˋtræpə͵zɔɪd], DJ [ˋtræpizɔid]
【美】【數】梯形
babirusa
KK [͵bæbɪˋrusə], DJ [͵bæbiˋru:sə]
鹿豬 (一種東印度群島野豬)
tusk
KK [tʌsk], DJ [tʌsk]
1. (象、野豬等的)長牙, 獠牙
purebred
KK [ˋpjʊr͵brɛd], DJ [ˋpjuə͵bred]
純血統的
bug-eyed
KK [ˋbʌg͵aɪd], DJ [ˋbʌgaid]
【俚】兩眼凸出的; 因驚奇而睜大眼睛的
protrude
KK [proˋtrud], DJ [prəˋtru:d]
使伸出, 使突出
concave
KK [ˋkɑnkev], DJ [ˋkɔnˋkeiv]
凹的, 凹面的
snout
KK [snaʊt], DJ [snaut]
1. (動物的)口鼻部; 豬嘴
jackrabbit
KK [ˋdʒæk͵ræbɪt], DJ [ˋdʒæk͵ræbit]
(北美西部產)長耳大野兔
pug
KK [pʌg], DJ [pʌg]
1. 哈巴狗
aesthetic
KK [ɛsˋθɛtɪk], DJ [i:sˋθetik]
1. 美學的
publication
KK [͵pʌblɪˋkeʃən], DJ [͵pʌbliˋkeiʃən]
1. 出版; 發行[U]
manatee
KK [͵mænəˋti], DJ [͵mænəˋti:]
【動】海牛
speculate
KK [ˋspɛkjə͵let], DJ [ˋspekjuleit]
1. 思索; 沈思; 推測(+on)
disparity
KK [dɪsˋpærətɪ], DJ [disˋpæriti]
不同; 不等
parity
KK [ˋpærətɪ], DJ [ˋpæriti]
1. 同等; 類似; 相同
innate
KK [ˋɪnˋet], DJ [ˋinˋeit]
1. 與生俱來的; 天生的; 固有的
Innate Attraction 先天吸引力
wide-set eyes 眼距寬
lioness
KK [ˋlaɪənɪs], DJ [ˋlaiənis]
母獅[C]
antelope
KK [ˋænt!op], DJ [ˋænti͵ləup]
1. 羚羊[C]
deviation
KK [͵divɪˋeʃən], DJ [͵di:viˋeiʃən]
1. 越軌; 偏向
2. 誤差; 偏航
pass
KK [pæs], DJ [pɑ:s]
山隘; 關口; 海峽[C]
困境, 難關[S]
sleekness
KK [ˋsliknɪs], DJ [ˋsli:knis]
線條明快, 造型優美
油滑, 圓滑
saggy
KK [ˋsægɪ], DJ [ˋsægi]
鬆懈的; 下垂的
sag
KK [sæg], DJ [sæg]
v. 下陷; 下彎; 下垂
whisker
KK [ˋhwɪskɚ], DJ [ˋhwiskə]
(動物的)鬚
analogize
KK [əˋnælə͵dʒaɪz], DJ [əˋnælədʒaiz]
類推
vigilant
KK [ˋvɪdʒələnt], DJ [ˋvidʒilənt]
警戒的; 警惕的
asymmetrical
KK [͵esɪˋmɛtrɪk!], DJ [͵eisiˋmetrikl]
1. 不均勻的
【數】非對稱的
symmetrical
KK [sɪˋmɛtrɪk!], DJ [siˋmetrikəl]
1. 對稱的
2. 勻稱的; 整齊的
parasite
KK [ˋpærə͵saɪt], DJ [ˋpærəsait]
1. 寄生生物
jaundice
KK [ˋdʒɔndɪs], DJ [ˋdʒɔ:ndis]
1. 【醫】黃疸; 黃疸病
pallor
KK [ˋpælɚ], DJ [ˋpælə]
(臉色等的)蒼白, 灰白[U]
abnormality
KK [͵æbnɔrˋmælətɪ], DJ [͵æbnɔ:ˋmæliti]
1. 反常, 異常; 變態; 畸形
splotch
KK [splɑtʃ], DJ [splɔtʃ]
污點
verdigris
KK [ˋvɝdɪ͵gris], DJ [ˋvə:digri:s]
銅綠; 銅鏽
stunted
KK [ˋstʌntɪd], DJ [ˋstʌntid]
1. (發育、生長等)受妨礙的; 發育不良的
stunt
KK [stʌnt], DJ [stʌnt]
1. 阻礙…的發育(或生長)
incomplete
KK [͵ɪnkəmˋplit], DJ [͵inkəmˋpli:t]
1. 不完全的, 不完整的
congenital
KK [kənˋdʒɛnət!], DJ [kənˋdʒenitl]
天生的; 先天的
deformity
KK [dɪˋfɔrmətɪ], DJ [diˋfɔ:miti]
1. 畸形狀態[U]
vanguard
KK [ˋvæn͵gɑrd], DJ [ˋvængɑ:d]
先鋒; 前鋒; 先頭部隊; 先導